Marcus Aurelius (121-180)是罗马帝国最伟大的皇帝之一,同时也是著名的斯多葛派哲学(Stoicism)家,其统治时期被认为是罗马黄金时代的标志。他关于上帝、宇宙组成部分暂且不谈,他的哲学思想和当下理论不同,而是实践哲学——将哲学思维运用到生活中。《Meditations》是Marcus写给自己看的笔记,他通过记录警示自己并促使自己成为一个品德高尚的(virtuous)人和一名好的皇帝。’Living in accord with nature.’ 是他作为斯多葛派哲学家的人生目标。
Marcus认为,所有事物的好坏都来自于自己的judgment。上帝让事物发生都是有ta的道理,因为上帝是“理性”存在者。所以,判定事物是好是坏都源自于主观“判定”——‘Universal nature wasn’t bringing you anything you couldn’t endure (Notebook8, 46)…If some thing external is causing you distress, it’s not the thing itself that’s troubling you but your judgment about it, and it’s within your power to erase that right now. (Book8, 47)’
另外,人类乐此不彼思考的死亡问题,Marcus也有自己的见解。他认为死亡是万物的一个必经规则,他引用Epictetus(约50-约135年,古罗马斯多葛主义哲学家,与Marcus不同的是,他出生是奴隶)的话说:当你感叹人类死亡的时候、想想麦子收成时候的喜悦——“Tomorrow you will die…it’s not at all inauspicious, but it expresses a natural process. Otherwise, it would be inauspicious to talk of wheat being harvested.”(Book 11, 34)。面对死亡恐惧时,请想想两种可能性:1)失去意识。失去意识后的你,还有什么需要恐惧的?2)得到另一种意识。拥有新意识的你以新的生存方式存活,不应该感到快乐吗?——“To be afraid of death is to be afraid of either unconsciousness or a different kind of consciousness. But if death is the end of consciousness, you won’t be conscious of anything bad either. And if you gain a different kind of consciousness, you’ll be a different kind of creature, which is to say that you’ll still be alive.”(Book 8, 58)
一个人生存的长短并不重要。一只蚊子的寿命和一个人的寿命不论长短,都只有一次。——“Even if you were to live for three thousand years or ten times as long, remember that the only life anyone loses is this one, the one he’s living, and the only life anyone lives is the one he loses.(Book 2, 14)”
所以,一个人应该珍惜“当下”,“过去”和“未来”并不属于你。有道德过好当下人生、调整自己对消极事物的“评判”、帮助他人顺应自然过完这一生。
